نعم الأرنب يجتر!
تث 14: 7 إِلا هَذِهِ فَلا تَأْكُلُوهَا مِمَّا يَجْتَرُّ وَمِمَّا يَشُقُّ الظِّلفَ المُنْقَسِمَ: الجَمَلُ وَالأَرْنَبُ وَالوَبْرُ لأَنَّهَا تَجْتَرُّ لكِنَّهَا لا تَشُقُّ ظِلفاً فَهِيَ نَجِسَةٌ لكُمْ.
لا 11: 6 وَالارْنَبَ لانَّهُ يَجْتَرُّ لَكِنَّهُ لا يَشُقُّ ظِلْفا فَهُوَ نَجِسٌ لَكُمْ.
هل يمكن للأرنب ان يجتر؟
الرد:
دعونا الان نلقى نظرة على النص العبرى للأيتين:
تث 14: 7
אך את־זה לא תאכלו ממעלי הגרה וממפריסי הפרסה השׁסועה את־הגמל ואת־ה
ארנבתואת־השׁפן כי־מעלה גרה המה ופרסה לא הפריסו טמאים הם לכם׃
لا 11: 6
ואת־ה
ארנבתכי־מעלת גרה הוא ופרסה לא הפריסה טמאה הוא לכם
ان اللفظ المُستحدم فى النصين والذى ترجمه المترجمين فى اللغة العربية “ارنب” هو
ארנבת
وهذا اللفظ لا يعنى ارنب وانما هو اسم حيوان يُدعى بالانجليزية
Hare
ونظرا لضعف اللغة العربية فلم تستوعب اللغة ترجمة هذا اللفظ.
كما ان 95 بالمائة من كل الترجمات ترجمت النص
Hare
وليس
Rabbit
وهذين هما النصين فى اهم الترجمات الانجليزية
لا 11: 6
ACV
And the
hare, because she chews the cud but does not part the hoof, she is unclean to you
.
AESV Torah
The hare, because she chews the cud but does not part the hoof, she is unclean to you
.
AKJ
And the
hare, because he chews the cud, but divides not the hoof; he is unclean to you
.
AMP
And the
hare, because it chews the cud but does not divide the hoof; it is unclean to you
.
ASV
And the
hare, because she cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, she is unclean unto you
.
BBE
And the
hare, because the horn of its foot is not parted in two, is unclean to you
.
Bishops
And the
Hare, though he chaweth the cud, yet because he deuideth not ye hoofe, he is therefore vncleane to you
.
CLV
the
hare, for it is bringing up the cud yet does not bisect the hoof; it is unclean for you
,
Complete Apostles’ Bible
And
the hare, because it does not chew the cud, and does not divide the hoof, this is unclean to you
.
Darby
and
the hare, for it cheweth the cud, but hath not cloven hoofs–it shall be unclean unto you
;
DRB
The harealso: for that too cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof
.
ESV
And
the hare, because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof, is unclean to you
.
Geneva
Also
the hare, because he cheweth the cud, and deuideth not the hoofe, he shalbe vncleane to you
.
HCSB-r
the hare, though it chews the cud,does not have hooves-it is unclean for you
;
HNV
The hare, because she chews the cud but doesn’t part the hoof, she is unclean to you
.
ISRAV
And the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you
.
JPS
And the hare, because she cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, she is unclean unto you
.
KJ2000
And
the hare, because it chews the cud, but divides not the hoof; it is unclean unto you
.
KJV
And
the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you
.
KJV-1611
And
the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but diuideth not the hoofe, he is vncleane vnto you
.
KJV21
and
the hare, because he cheweth the cud but divideth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you
;
KJVA
And
the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you
.
KJVR
And
the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you
.
Lamsa
And
the hare, because it chews the cud but it does not divide the hoof; it is unclean to you
.
LITV
and
the hare, though it brings up the cud, yet it does not divide the hoof; it is unclean to you
;
MKJV
And
the hare, because he chews the cud but does not divide the hoof; he is unclean to you
.
NET
The
hareis unclean to you because it chews the cud, even though its hoof is not divided
.
NAB-A
the hare, which indeed chews the cud, but does not have hoofs and is therefore unclean for you; and the pig
,
NLT
and
the hare, so they also may never be eaten
NRSV
The hare, for even though it chews the cud, it does not have divided hoofs; it is unclean for you
.
NWT
the hare, though it chews the cud,does not have hooves-it is unclean for you
;
OJB
And
the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but separateth not the hoof; he is temeiah (unclean) unto you
.
RNKJV
And
the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof; he is unclean unto you
.
RSVA
And
the hare, because it chews the cud but does not part the hoof, is unclean to you
.
RV
And
the hare, because she cheweth the cud but parteth not the hoof, she is unclean unto you
.
TMB
and
the hare, because he cheweth the cud but divideth not the hoof, he is unclean unto you
;
TRC
And
the hare, for he likewise cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof into two claws, he is therefore unclean to you
.
Tyndale
And
the hare, for he likewise cheweth the cud, but deuydeth not the hoffe in to two clawes, he is therfore vnclene to you
.
UPDV
And
the hare, because she chews the cud but doesn’t part the hoof, she is unclean to you
+.
VW
the hare, because it brings up the cud but does not divide the hoof, is unclean to you
;
WEB
The hare, because she chews the cud but doesn’t part the hoof, she is unclean to you
.
Webster
And
the hare, because he cheweth the cud, but divideth not the hoof: he is unclean to you
.
YLT
and
the hare, though it is bringing up the cud, yet the hoof hath not divided–unclean it is to you
تث 14: 7
ACV
Nevertheless of those that chew the cud, or of those that have the hoof cloven, these ye shall not eat: the camel, and
the hare, and the coney, because they chew the cud but do not part the hoof, they are unclean to you
,
AKJ
Nevertheless these you shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and
the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean to you
.
AMP
Yet these you shall not eat of those that chew the cud or have the hoof split in two: the camel,
the hare, and the coney, because they chew the cud but divide not the hoof; they are unclean for you
.
ASV
Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that have the hoof cloven: the camel, and
the hare, and the coney; because they chew the cud but part not the hoof, they are unclean unto you
.
BBE
But even among these, there are some which may not be used for food: such as the camel,
the hare, and the coney, which are unclean to you, because, though their food comes back, the horn of their feet is not parted in two
.
Bishops
Neuerthelesse, these ye shall not eate of them that chewe cud & of them that deuide and cleaue the hoofe only, the Camel,
the Hare, and the Conie: for they chewe the cud, but deuide not the hoofe: therfore they are vncleane vnto you
.
CJB
But you are not to eat those that only chew the cud or only have a divided hoof. For example, the camel,
the hareand the coney are unclean for you because they chew the cud but don’t have a separate hoof
;
CLV
Only this you may not eat of those bringing up the cud and of those bisecting the cloven hoof: the camel,
the hareand the coney, for they are bringing up the cud yet do not bisect the hoof; they are unclean to you
;”
Complete Apostles’ Bible
And these you shall not eat of them that chew the cud, and of those that divide the hoofs, and make distinct claws; the camel, and
the hare, and the rabbit; because they chew the cud, and do not divide the hoof, these are unclean to you
.
Darby
Only these ye shall not eat of those that chew the cud, or of those with hoofs cloven and split open: the camel, and
the hare, and the rock-badger; for they chew the cud, but have not cloven hoofs–they shall be unclean unto you
;
DRB
But of them that chew the cud, but divide not the hoof, you shall not eat, such as the camel,
the hare, and the cherogril: because they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof, they shall be unclean to you
.
ESV
Yet of those that chew the cud or have the hoof cloven you shall not eat these: the camel,
the hare, and the rock badger, because they chew the cud but do not part the hoof, are unclean for you
.
Geneva
But these ye shall not eate, of them that chew the cud, and of them that deuide and cleaue the hoofe onely: ye camell, nor
the hare, nor the cony: for they chewe the cudde, but deuide not ye hoofe: therefore they shall be vncleane vnto you
:
HCSB-r
But among the ones that chew the cud or have divided hooves, you are not to eat these: the camel,
the hare, and the hyrax,though they chew the cud, they do not have hooves-they are unclean for you
;
ISRAV
Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and
the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you
.
JPS
Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that only chew the cud, or of them that only have the hoof cloven: the camel, and
the hare, and the rock-badger, because they chew the cud but part not the hoof, they are unclean unto you
;
KJ2000
Nevertheless these you shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that have cloven hooves; as the camel, and
the hare, and the rock badger: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you
.
KJV
Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and
the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you
.
KJV-1611
Neuerthelesse these yee shall not eate, of them that chew the cud, or of them that diuide the clouen hoofe, as the camel, and
the hare, and the cony: for they chew the cudde, but diuide not the hoofe, therefore they are vncleane vnto you
.
KJV21
Nevertheless, these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud or of them that divide the cloven hoof: the camel, and
the hare, and the coney; for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you
.
KJVA
Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and
the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you
.
KJVR
Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and
the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you
.
Lamsa
Nevertheless you shall not eat of these that chew the cud, or of these that have the hoof divided, such as the camel,
the hare, and the coney; for they chew the cud, but their hoofs are not divided; therefore they are unclean for you
.
LITV
But you shall not eat of those that only chew the cud, or those only dividing the cloven hoof: the camel, and
the hare, and the rock badger; for they chew the cud but do not divide the hoof. They shall be unclean to you
.
MKJV
But these you shall not eat, of those which chew the cud, or of those that divide the cloven hoof: the camel, and
the hare, and the rock badger, for they chew the cud, but do not divide the hoof. They are unclean to you
.
NET
However, you may not eat the following animals among those that chew the cud or those that have divided hooves: the camel,
the hare, and the rock badger. (Although they chew the cud, they do not have divided hooves and are therefore ritually impure to you
).
NAB-A
But you shall not eat any of the following that only chew the cud or only have cloven hoofs: the camel,
the hareand the rock badger, which indeed chew the cud, but do not have hoofs and are therefore unclean for you
;
NLT
but if the animal doesn’t have both, it may not be eaten. So you may not eat the camel,
the hare, or the rock badger. They chew the cud but do not have split hooves
.
NRSV
Yet of those that chew the cud or have the hoof cleft you shall not eat these: the camel,
the hare, and the rock badger, because they chew the cud but do not divide the hoof; they are unclean for you
.
NWT
But among the ones that chew the cud or have divided hooves, you are not to eat these: the camel, the hare, and the hyrax,though they chew the cud, they do not have hooves-they are unclean for you
;
OJB
Nevertheless, these ye shall not eat of them that only chew the cud, or of them that only divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and
the hare, and the coney; for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are tameh (unclean) unto you
.
RNKJV
Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; as the camel, and
the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you
.
RSVA
Yet of those that chew the cud or have the hoof cloven you shall not eat these: the camel,
the hare, and the rock badger, because they chew the cud but do not part the hoof, are unclean for you
.
RV
Nevertheless these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud, or of them that have the hoof cloven: the camel, and
the hare, and the coney, because they chew the cud but part not the hoof, they are unclean unto you
:
TMB
Nevertheless, these ye shall not eat of them that chew the cud or of them that divide the cloven hoof: the camel, and
the hare, and the coney; for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean unto you
.
TRC
Nevertheless, these ye shall not eat of them that chew cud and of them that divide and cleave the hoof: the camel,
the hareand the coney. For they chew cud, but divide not the hoof: and therefore are unclean unto you
:
Tyndale
Neuerthelesse, these ye shall not eate of them that chew cud ad of the that deuyde and cleaue the hoffe: the camell,
the haread the conye. For they chew cud, but deuyde not the hoffe: ad therfore are vncleane vnto you
:
UPDV
Nevertheless these you+ will not eat of those that chew the cud, or of those that have the hoof cloven: the camel, and
the hare, and the coney; because they chew the cud but part not the hoof, they are unclean to you
.
Webster
Nevertheless, these ye shall not eat, of them that chew the cud, or of them that divide the cloven hoof; the camel, and
the hare, and the coney: for they chew the cud, but divide not the hoof; therefore they are unclean to you
فما هو حيوان ال
Hare
هذا؟
افتح هذا الرابط التالى:
http://www.answers.com/hare?cat=health&gwp=13
ستجد ان كل الموسوعات عرفت هذا الحيوان كالتالى:
Any of various mammals of the family Leporidae, especially of the genus Lepus,
similar to rabbitsbut having longer ears and legs and giving birth to active, furred young
هو حيوان من الثدييات يشبه الارنب , ولاحظ ان الموسوعات قالت يشبه وليس انه ارنب ذلك انه مختلف عن الارنب فى شكله اذنيه وارجله وان كان من عائلة الارانب ولكنه لا يُسمى ارنب.
و فى نفس الصفحة ستجد قول صحيفة جامعة اكسفورد تقول:
Game animal,
similar to rabbit but larger; caught wild but not farmed commercially. Lepus europaeus is the common hare, but some twenty Lepus species occur in
Europe
هو يشبه الارنب ولكنه ليس ارنب وهذا ما اكدته الموسوعة البريطانية وموسوعة كولومبيا وموسوعة ويكبديا
وهو حيوان جبلي مجتر، وان كان أطول آذانا واكبر ثلاثة مرات ووزنه يصل الي 6.5 كيلوجرام وتزيد سرعته الى 70 كم/ الساعة أضعاف سرعة الأرنب العادي وخلافا للأرنب العادي هو يولد كامل الفراء ومفتوح العينينوهذه صورته:
ويمكنك مراجعة هذه الصفحة للمزيد عن هذا الحيوان
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hare
فهل هذا الحيوان مجتر؟
الحيوانات الماضغة للطعام بعد بلعه تصنف تحت ترتيب المجترات بشكل عام , ولو نظرنا للبقرة كمثال فنجد انها تأكل النباتات ثم تبتلعها. معدة البقرة مقسمة الى اربعة اقسام حيث اكبر المواد الغذائية المستساغة تُمتص بالجسم وتبقى المواد الليفية فى المعدة ثم تتقيأها البقرة. بعد ذلك تقوم البقرة بأعادة مضغ هذه المواد ثم تبتلعها مرة اخرى , هذا هو الاجترار.
هذا الحيوان
Hare
معدته غير مقسمة مثل البقرة , كذلك هو لا يتقيأ الطعام من معدته. ولكن هذا الحيوان يقوم بعمل عملية تُدعى “
cecotropy
” او “
coprophagy
” ولكى نعرف هذه العملية تعريفا عليما دقيقا دعونا نرجع لما كتبه بيتر رافين وجورج جونسون فى كتابهم “علم الاحياء” الاصدار الرابع , الفصل الخامس والاربعون
Biology By Peter Raven & George Johnson 4
thEdition , Chap. 45
يقولان:
Bacterial Digestion of Cellulose Within Animals – Vertebrates lack enzymes to digest plant material. Some bacteria can do so and are harbored by animals.. Rats and rabbits redigest cellulose another way. [They]
eat feces and literally redigest them a second time. Efficiency approaches that of
ruminants
.
“الهضم البكتيرى للألياف لدى الحيوانات الفقرية ينعدم به الانزيمات لهضم المواد النباتية. بعض البكتريا يمكن ان تفعل وتأتوى بالحيوان,,,الفئران والارانب تعيد هضم المواد الليفية بطريقة اخرى.
يأكلون الغائط وبدقة , اعادة هضم للغائط مرة اخرى , فعليا هم يُعتبروا من
المجترات
“
يمكنك مراجعة النص على الرابط التالى:
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/genbio/rjbiology/ELOs/ELO45.html
كذلك يقول
Caryl Hilscher-Conklin
استاذ علم الاحياء بجامعة نوتردام
M.S. in Biology, University of Notre Dame
عن العملية التى يجريها الحيوان هذا التى تسمى “
cecotropy
” او “
coprophagy
“:
One may not give much thought to the lazy chewing of the cud that we observe cows doing all the time, but this behavior is analogous to coprophagy. The only difference between cud chewing and coprophagy is the point in the digestive tract at which nutrients are expelled and then placed back into the mouth
“لا يجوز لأحد ان يعطي الكثير من التفكير لكسلان للمضغ الطعام المجتر الذي نلاحظه فى الابقار كل الوقت، ولكن هذا السلوك يماثل
coprophagy
. والفرق الوحيد بين مضغ الطعام المجتر و
coprophagy
هي في الجهاز الهضمي في المغذيات التي تُطرد بعد ذلك تعود إلى الفم. “
ويمكنك مراجعة النص فى الرابط التالى:
http://www.rmca.org/Articles/coprophagy.htm
اى ان الفرق بين عملية الاجترار وعملية
coprophagy
هو ان ما يرجع للفم فى عملية الاجترار هو مواد مفيدة وانما فى العملية التى يجريها الارنب والفئران المسماة
coprophagy
المواد التى ترجع للفم هى الروث الغير مفيد.
نفس الكلام ايضا يقوله الاستاذ ليونارد براند استاذ قسم الاحياء بجامعة لوما ليندا بجنوب كاليفرونيا
Leonard R. Brand , Chairman, Department of Biology ,
Loma
Linda
University
فى الرابط التالى:
http://www.grisda.org/origins/04102.htm
كما ان الفعل
גּרה
Cud
لو نظرنا الى معناه فى الصفحة التالية
http://www.answers.com/topic/cud
سنجد المعانى كالتالى:
1.
Food regurgitated from the first stomach to the mouth of a ruminant and chewed again.
2.
Something held in the mouth and chewed, such as a quid of tobacco
.
لاحظ ان معانى الفعل هو وضع الشىء فى الفم ومضغه مثل التبغ وليس فقط الاجترار , هذا المعنى نضعه فقط كى يكون الموضوع منتهى ولا يوجد به اى ثغرة ينبش بها اعداء الايمان رغم ان الحيوان من الحيوانات المجترة.
كما ان الفعل يجتر قد يأتى بمعنى
ruminate
فى الانجليزية , ولو نظرنا الى معانى هذا الفعل فى القاموس فى الصفحة التالية
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ruminate
سنجد ان من معانى الفعل:
To chew again or over and over
.
اى يمضغ الشىء مرارا وتكرارا
,,,
الجدير بالذكر ان تصنيف عملية ال
coprophagy
قد تم فصلها عن الاجترار منذ اقل من مائة وخمسين عاما فقط على يد ريتشارد اوين فى عام 1847 , فقد كان يطلق عليها اجترار بالفعل ولكن للتفريق بين المادة المعاد مضغها تم التفريق بينهم.
و اخر نقطة ننهى بها بحثنا هذا هو معنى الفعل يجتر فى المعاجم العربية , فالاجترار ليس للأكل فقط وانما الاجترار لغويا يعنى اعاده ما تم , فلو قلنا ان رجلا يجتر كلامه فهو يعيد ما تم وقاله , وان قلنا ان حيوان اجتر اكله فهذا يعنى انه اعاد اكل ما قد تم واكله.
يقول المعجم الغنى:
اِجْتَرَّ – [ج ر ر]. (ف: ربا. لازمتع). اِجْتَرَّ، يَجْتَرُّ، مص. اِجْتِرَارٌ. 1.”تَجْتَرُّ البَقَرةُ”:
تُخْرِجُ مَا فِي بَطْنِهَا مِنَ الأكْلِ وَتَمْضَغُهُ مَرَّةً ثَانِيَة. 2.”خَطِيب يَجْتَرّ كَلامَهُ”:
يُعِيدُ الكَلامَ نَفْسَهُ فِي كُلِّ مَرَّةٍ.
http://lexicons.sakhr.com/openme.asp?fileurl=/html/3063735.html
وفى المعجم المحيط:
اجْتَرَّ يَجْتَرُّ اجْتِرَارًا:
أعاد الأكل من كرشه فمضغه ثانيةوهذا خاص بالحيوانات المجترة كالجمل.- الأفكار:
كرر الأفكار نفسها دون تغيير.
هذا هو معنى الاجترار وهذا ما اثبتنا ان حيوان ال
Hare
يقوم بعمله وهى عملية الاجترار ولكن المعاد مضغه هو روثه وليس اكل مفيد.
